The year I studied in France the exchange program from our school would take the grade the teacher gave us, compare it with other native and exchange students in the class, factor in somehow the teacher's evaluation of us and our evaluation of the teacher, and *somehow* come up with a grade. I got a 12/20 in French lit and a 16/20 in Prehistory (he was so nice to me, for me to get that grade on an oral exam on a randomly chosen subject). My American GPA went up.
I'm still bitter about the fact that my 13s and 14s junior year were Bs to my university but As anywhere else.
I heard many times the explanation that they're really tough at University, especially the first year, because it's so cheap for French students to go to college that they need to weed a bunch out. I don't know how true this is, or was in 1996, anyway.
Sort of. There's just a big inclination to not inflate grades. I taught first years at one of the most exclusive universities in the country and my mandated class average was 10 out of 20 (I think for second years that went up to 10.5). So, if you wanted to give someone a 14, you had to really want to. I think 15 was the highest grade I ever gave and 7 was the lowest.
I also had to rank each student in my class and you were limited on the number of ex-aequos you could give.